Homeless

 

Aday, Lu Ann. Health status of vulnerable populations. Annual Review of Public Health. 1994; 15, 487-509.

Adkins, Carol B. and Fields, Jean. Health care values of homeless women and their children. Family and Community Health. 1992; 15, (3): 20-29.

Alemagno, Sonia A.; Cochran, Deborah C.; Feucht, Thomas E.; Stephens, Richard C.; Butts, John M., and Wolfe, Stephanie A. Assessing substance abuse treatment needs among the homeless: a telephone-based interactive voice response system. American Journal of Public Health. 1996; 86(11):1626-1628.

American Public Health Association. Alcohol and other drug problems among the homeless population. American Journal of Public Health. 1990; 80, (2): 243-246.

Anonymous. Study of homeless concludes they do 'no worse' in treatment. Substance Abuse Letter. 1996; 3, (9): 1, 6.

Appel, Philip W. Substance Abuse Among Adults in Transient Housing in New York State: Validation of Self-Report by Use of Hair Analysis. New York: New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services; 1995.

Appel, Philip W.; Hoffman, Joseph H.; Blane, Howard T.; Frank, Blanche; Oldak, Rivka, and Burke, Michelle. Comparison of Self-Report and Hair Analysis in Detecting Cocaine Use in a Homeless/Transient Sample. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2001; 33(1):47-55.

Argeriou, Milton; McCarty, Dennis; Mulvey, Kevin, and Daley, Marilyn. Use of the Addiction Severity Index with homeless substance abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1994; 11, (4): 359-365.

Baer, John S; Ginzler, Joshua A., and Peterson, Peggy L. DSM-IV Alcohol and Substance Abuse and Dependence in Homeless Youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2003; 64(1):5-14.

Ball, F. L. Jessica and Havassy, Barbara E. A survey of the problems and needs of homeless consumers of acute psychiatric services. Hospital and Community Psychiatry . 1984; 35, (9): 917-921.

Bassuk, Ellen L.; Buckner, John C.; Perloff, Jennifer N., and Bassuk, Shari S. Prevalence of Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Among Homeless and Low-Income Housed Mothers. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998; 155(11):1561-1564.

Bassuk, Ellen L.; Buckner, John C.; Weinreb, Linda F.; Browne, Angela; Bassuk, Shari S.; Dawson, Ree, and Perloff, Jennifer N. Homelessness in Female-Headed Families: Childhood and Adult Risk and Protective Factors. American Journal of Public Health. 1997; 87(2):241-248.

Bassuk, Ellen L.; Rubin, L., and Lauriat, A. S. Characteristics of sheltered homeless families. American Journal of Public Health. 1986; 76(9):1097-1101.

Bauman, Adrian and Phongsavan, Philayrath. Epidemiology of substance use in adolescence: prevalence, trends and policy implications. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1999; 55(3):187-207.

Bird, C. C.; Jinnett, K. J.; Burnam, M. A.; Koegel, P.; Sullivan, G.; Wenzel, S. L.; Ridgely, M. S.; Morton, S. C., and Miu, A. Predictors of Contact with Public Service Sectors among Homeless Adults with and without alcohol and other drug disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2002; 63(6):716-725.

Booth, Brenda M.; Sullivan, Greer; Koegel, Paul, and Burnam, Audrey. Vulenrabillity Factors for Homelessness Associated with Substance Dependence in a Community Sample of Homelss Adults. The American Journal Dug and Alcohol Abuse. 2002; 28(3):429-452.

Bourgois, Philippe. The moral economies of homeless heroin addicts: Confronting ethnography, HIV risk, and everyday violence in San Francisco shooting encampments. Substance Use and Misuse. 1998; 33, (11): 2323-2351.

Bray, Robert M.; Wheeless, Sara C., and Kroutil, Larry A. Aggregating Survey Data on Drug Use Across Household, Institutionalized, and Homeless Populations. In. Health Survey Research Methods: Conference Proceedings. Hyattsville, MD: DHHS; 1996; pp. 105-110.

Breakey, William R.; Fischer, Pamela J.; Kramer, Morton; Nestadt, Gerald R.; Romanoski, Alan J.; Ross, Alan; Royall, Richard M., and Stine, Oscar C. Health and mental health problems of homeless men and women in Baltimore. Journal of the American Medical Association . 1989; 262(10):1352-1357.

Cahill, D. F. and Hodgkins, B. J. The Urban Health Care Clinic and Its Substance Abuse Population. Medical Care . 1991; 29(10):1004-1016.

Caton, C. L. M.; Hasin, D.; Shrout, P. E.; Opler, L. A.; Hirshfield, S.; Dominguez, B., and Felix, A. Risk factors for homelessness among indigent urban adults with no histroy of psychotic illness: A case-control study. American Journal of Public Health. 2000; 90(2).

Caton, Carol L. M.; Shrout, Patrick E.; Dominguez, Boanerges; Eagle, Paula F.; Opler, Lewis A., and Cournos, Francine. Risk factors for homelessness among women with schizophrenia. American Journal of Public Health. 1995; 85, (8): 1153-1156.

Chantarujikapong, Sunanta I.; Smith, Elizabeth M., and Fox, Louis W. Comparison of the alcohol dependence scale and diagnostic interview schedule in homeless women. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1997; 21(4):586-595.

Cochran, Bryan N.; Stewart, Angela J.; Ginzler, Joshua A., and Cauce, Ana Mari. Challenges Faced by Homeless Sexual Minorities: Comparison of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Homeless Adolescents With Their Heterosexual Counterparts. American Journal of Public Health. 2002; 92(5):773-777.

Cochran, Deborah C.; Alemagno, Sonia A.; Cleveland State University; Stephens, Richard C.; NOVA Research Company, and Butts, John M. Computer-administered surveys: OHIO DIAL - Drug inventory assessment line (Poster Session). Presented at the. National Technical Center's Fourth Annual Workshop: Needs Assessment in a Changing Health Care Environment. 1995.

Cochran, Deborah C.; Alemagno, Sonia A.; Feucht, Thomas E.; Stephens, Richard C.; Wolfe, Stephanie A., and Butts, John M. Ohio Needs Assessment Study Special Population Study Homeless Shelter Pilot Study Report. Cleveland, OH: NOVA Research Company; 1997.

---. Special Population Study: Homeless Shelter Pilot Study Report. Cleveland, OH: Ohio Department of Alcohol and Drug Addiction Services; 1994: 1-23.

Conrad, Kendon J.; Hultman, Cheryl I., and Lyons, John S. Treatment of the Chemically Dependent Homeless: Theory and Implementation in Fourteen American Projects. London: Haworth Press; 1993.

Council on Scientific Affairs. Health care needs of homeless and runaway youths. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989; 262, (10): 1358-1361.

De Leon, George; Sacks, Stanley; Staines, Graham, and McKendrick, Karen. Modified Therapeutic Community for Homeless Mentally Ill Chemical Abusers: Treatment Outcomes. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2000; 26(3):461-480.

DeLeon, George; Sacks, Stanley; Staines, Graham, and McKendrick, Karen. Modified Therapeutic Community for Homeless Mentally Ill Chemical Abusers: Emerging Subtypes. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1999; 25(3):495-515.

Devine, Joel A.; Wright, James D., and Brody, Charles J. An evaluation of an alcohol and drug treatment program for homeless substance abusers. Evaluation Review. 1995; 19, (6): 620-645.

Donovan, Doris S. Statewide Assessment of Homeless Services for the CEO Forum of the Rhode Island Coalition for the Homeless. Providence, RI: ?; 1997.

Drake, Robert E.; McHugo, Gregory J., and Biesanz, Jeremy C. The test-retest reliability of standardized instruments among homeless persons with substance use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1995; 56, 161-167.

Drake, Robert E. and Mueser, Kim T. Alcohol-use disorder and severe mental illness. Alcohol Health and Research World. 1996; 20, (2): 87-93.

Drake, Robert E.; Osher, Fred C., and Wallach, Michael A. Homelessness and dual diagnosis. American Psychologist. 1991; 46, (11): 1149-1158.

Eddins, Essie. Characteristics, health status and service needs of sheltered homeless families. ABNF Journal. 1993; 4, (2): 40-44.

Farrell, Michael; Howes, Samantha; Taylor, Colin; Lewis, Glynn; Jenkins, Rachel; Bebbington, P.; Jarvis, Martin; Grugha, Terry; Gill, Galjit, and Meltzer, Howard. Substance misuse and psychiatric comorbidity: An overview of the OPCS National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Addictive Behaviors. 1998; 23, (6): 909-918.

Farrell, Susan and Reissing, Elke. Picking up the challenge: Developing a methodology to enumerate and assess the needs of street homeless population. Evaluation Review. 2004; 28(2):??

Fichter, M. and Quadflieg, N. Alcoholism in homeless men in the mid-nineties: results from the Bavarian Public Health Study on homelessness. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1999; 249:34-44.

Evaluation of Delivery of Alcohol and Drug Services to Target Populations. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Drug Abuse Research Center; 1992.

Fischer, Pamela J.; Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration, and NIAAA. Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Problems Among Homeless Persons: A Review of the Literature, 1980-1990, Executive Summary. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 1991.

Fischer, Pamela J. and Breakey, William R. Profile of the Baltimore homeless with alcohol problems. Alcohol Health and Research World. 1987; 11, (3): 36, 37, 61.

Fischer, Pamela J.; Shapiro, Sam; Breakey, William R.; Anthony, James C., and Kramer, Morton. Mental health and social characteristics of the homeless: a survey of mission users. American Journal of Public Health . 1986; 76, (5): 516-524.

Flaim, Lesley Chickering. Fact sheet: drug use trends. Rockville, MD: White House ONDCP Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse ; 1997: 1-6.

Foltin, R. W.; Fischman, M. W.; Cornell, E. L., and Butler, L. Characteristics of a non-treatment sample of heavy cocaine users volunteering for studies involving cocaine administration in Baltimore (USA). Addiction Research. 1996; 4, (2): 139-149.

Fors, Stuart W. and Rojek, Dean G. A comparison of drug involvement between runaways and school youths. Journal of Drug Education. 1991; 21, (1): 13-25.

Forst, Martin L. and Crim, D. A substance use profile of delinquent and homeless youths. Journal of Drug Education. 1994; 24, (3): 219-231.

Fountain, Jane; Howes, Samantha, and Strang, John. Unmet drug and alcohol service needs of homeless people in London: A complex issue. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003; 38(3-6).

Galanter, Marc; Egelko, Susan; De Leon, George; Rohrs, Charles, and Franco, Hugo. Crack/cocaine abusers in the general hospital: assessment and initiation of care. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992; 149, (6): 810-815.

Gelberg, Lillian; Andersen, Ronald, and Leake, Barbara. The Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations: Application to Medical Care Use and Outcomes for Homeless People. HSR: Health Services Research. 2000; 34(6):1273-1302.

Gelberg, Lillian; Linn, Lawrence S., and Leake, Barbara. Mental health, alcohol and drug use, and criminal history among homeless adults. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988; 145, (2): 191-196.

Geller, Stephanie; McAuliffe, William E., and Minugh, P. Allison (National Technical Center for Substance Abuse Needs Assessment). Bulletin #14: Combining Subpopulation Estimates to Develop Comprehensive Estimates of Treatment Need. Cambridge, MA; 1997yes.

Ginzler, Joshua Aaron; Cochran, Bryan N.; Domenech-Rodriguez, Melanie; Cauce, Ana Mari, and Whitbeck, Leslie B. Sequential progression of substance use among homeless youth: An empirical investigation of the gateway theory. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003; 38(3-6):725-758.

Glasser, Irene and Zywiak, William H. Homelessness and substance misuse: A tale of two cities. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003; 38(3-6):551-576.

Gonzalez, Gerardo and Rosenheck, Robert A. Outcomes and Service Use Among Homeless Persons With Serious Mental Illness and Substance Abuse. Psychiatric Services. 2002; 53(4):437-446.

Greene, Jody M.; Ennett, Susan T., and Ringwalt, Christopher L. Prevalence and Correlates of Survival Sex among Runaway and Homeless Youth. American Journal of Public Health. 1999; 89(9):1406-1409.

---. Substance use among runaway and homeless youth in three national samples. American Journal of Public Health. 1997; 87, (2): 229-235.

Greene, Jody M. and Ringwalt, Christopher L. Pregnancy Among Three National Samples of Runaway and Homeless Youths. Journal of Adolescent Health. 1998; 23(6):370-377.

Greene, Jody M.; Ringwalt, Christopher L., and Iachan, Ronaldo. Shelters for Runaway and Homeless Youths: Capacity and Occupancy. Child Welfare. 1997; LXXVI(4):549-561.

Gregoire, Thomas K. Subtypes of alcohol involvement and their relationships to exits from homelessness. Substance Use and Misuse. 1996; 31, (10): 1333-1357.

Gunn, John. Prisons, shelters, and homeless men. Psychiatric Quarterly. 1974; 48, (4): 505-512.

Guydis, Joseph and Muck, Randolph. Editors' introduction: The challenge of managed care in drug abuse treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1999; 31(3):193-195.

Guydish, Joseph R.; Bucardo, Jesus; Clark, George, and Burnheim, Susannah. Evaluating needle exchange: a description of client characteristics, health status, program utilization, and HIV risk behavior. Substance Use and Misuse. 1998; 33, (5): 1173-1196.

Harris, S. N.; Mowbray, C. T., and Solarz, A. Physical health, mental health, and substance abuse problems of shelter users. Health Soc Work. 1994 Feb; 19(1):37-45.

Harris, Shirley N.; Mowbray, Carol T., and Solarz, Andrea L. Physical health, mental health, and substance abuse problems of shelter users. Health and Social Work. 1994; 19(1):37-45.

Hibbs, Jonathan R.; Benner, Lawrence; Klugman, Lawrence; Spencer, Robert; Macchia, Irene; Mellinger, Anne K., and Fife, Daniel. Mortality in a cohort of homeless adults in Philadelphia. New England Journal of Medicine . 1994; 331, (5): 304-309.

Hirsch, Eric. Surviving on the streets: The unsheltered homeless in Rhode Island. Providence, RI; 1996yes.

Hirsch, Eric and Rhode Island Emergency Food and Shelter Board. Rhode Island Emergency Shelter Information Project Annual Report, July 1, 1996 to June 30, 1997. Providence, RI: Rhode Island Emergency Food and Shelter Board; 1997.

Hirsh, Eric L. Surviving on the Streets: The Unsheltered Homeless in Rhode Island. Providence, RI: Providence College; 1996.

Holmes, Steven A. Bureau Won't Distribute Census Data on Homeless. The New York Times. 2001.

Housing Subcommittee of the Welfare Reform Implemtation Committee of the Children's Cabinet-Task Force on Federal Legislation. Housing: A Foundation to the Success of Welfare Reform. Rhode Island; 1998yes.

Inciardi, James A. and Novey, Jeffrey H. Characteristics and treatment of homeless, mentally ill, chemical-abusing men. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Residential Substance Abuse Treatment: Perspectives for the 1990s. 1994; 27, (1): 93-104.

Jainchill, Nancy; Hawke, Josephine, and Yagelka, John. Gender, Psychopathology, and Patterns of Homelessness Among Clients in Shelter-Based TCs. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2000; 26(4):553-567.

Jencks, ChristopherJencks, Christopher. The Homeless. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1994.

Johnson, Timothy P. Available resources for investigating substance use among homeless, immigrant, and refugee populations. Substance Use & Misuse. 1997; 32, (7&8): 1005-1010.

Johnson, Timothy P.; Aschkenasy, Jeannie R.; Herbers, Mary Ruth, and Gillenwater, Stephen A. Self-reported risk factors for AIDS among homeless youth. AIDS Education and Prevention. 1996; 8, (4): 308-322.

Johnson, Timothy P. and Barrett, Mark E. Substance use and treatment needs among homeless persons in Cook County, Illinois. The International Journal of the Addictions. 1995; 30, (5): 557-585.

Johnson, Timothy P.; Freels, Sally A.; Parsons, Jennifer A., and VanGeest, Jonathan B. Substance abuse and homelessness: social selection or social adaptation? Addiction. 1997; 92, (4): 437-445.

Johnson, Timothy P. and Parsons, Jennifer A. Interviewer effects on self-reported substance use among homeless persons. Addictive Behaviors. 1994; 19, (1): 83-93.

Jones, Russell; Gruer, Laurence; Gilchrist, Gail; Seymour, Alison; Black, Marjorie, and Oliver, John. Recent contact with health and social services by drug misusers in Glasgow who died of a fatal overdose in 1999. Addiction. 2002 Dec 1; 97(12):1517-1522.

Joseph, Herman. Substance abuse and homelessness within inner cities. In: Lowinson, J. H.; Ruiz, P., and Millman, R. B. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1992: 875-889.

Joseph, Herman and Roman-Nay, Hilda. The homeless intravenous drug abuser and the AIDS epidemic. In: Leukefeld, Carl G.; Battjes, R. J., and Amsel, Zili, Eds. AIDS and Intravenous Drug Use: Future Directions for Community-Based Prevention Research. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1990: 210-252. NIDA Research Monograph; v. 93.

Joyner, Laurie M.; Wright, James D., and Devine, Joel A. Reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index among homeless substance misusers. Substance Use and Misuse. 1996; 31, (6): 729-751.

Kahn, Marvin W.; Hannah, Maureen; Kirkland, Shari; Lesnik, S.; Clemens, Camille, and Chatel, Daniel. Substance misuse, emotional distrubance, and dual diagnosis in a meal-line popuolation of mixed ethnicity. The International Journal of the Addictions. 1992; 27(3):317-330.

Kandel, Denise B.; Huang, Fung-Yea, and Davies, Mark. Comorbidity Between Patterns of Substance Use Dependence and Psychiatric Synodromes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2001; 64(2):233-241.

Kasprow, Wesley J.; Rosenheck, R.; Frisman, Linda, and DiLella, Diane. Residential treatment for dually diagnosed homeless veterans: A comparison of program types. The American Journal on Addictions. 1999; 8(1):34-43.

Kertesz, Stefan G.; Horton, Nicholas J.; Friedmann, Peter D.; Saitz, Richard, and Smaet, Jeffery H. Slowing the revolving dorr:stabilization programs reduce homeless persons' substance after detoxification. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2003; 24(3):197-207.

Killworth, Peter D; McCarty, Christopher; Bernard, H. Russell; Shelley, Gene Ann, and Johnsen, Eugene C. Estimation of seroprevalence, rape and homelessness and in the United States using a social network approach. Evaluation Review. 1998; 22, (2): 289-308.

Kipke, Michele D.; Montgomery, Susanne, and MacKenzie, Richard G. Substance use among youth seen at a community-based health clinic. Journal of Adolescent Health. 1993; 14, (4): 289-294.

Kipke, Michele D.; Montgomery, Susanne B.; Simon Thomas R., and Iverson, Ellen F. "Substance abuse" disorders among runaway and homeless youth. Substance Use & Misuse. 1997; 32, (7&8): 969-986.

Kipke, Michele D.; O'Conner, Susan; Palmer, Ray, and MacKenzie, Richard G. Street Youth in Los Angeles: Profile of a Group at High Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine. 1995; 149:513-519.

Kipke, Michele D.; Unger, Jennifer B.; Palmer, Raymond F., and Edgington, Renee. Drug use, needle sharing, and HIV risk among injection drug-using street youth. Substance Use and Misuse. 1996; 31, (9): 1167-1187.

Kleinman, Bhadra Paula; Millery, Mari; Scimeca, Michael, and Polissar, Nayak L. Predicting Long-Term Treatment Utilization Among Addicts Entering Detoxification: The Contribution of Help-Seeking Models. Journal of Drug Issues. 2002; 32(1):209-230.

Kline, Anna; Mammo, Abate; Rodriguez, Gloria; Babbit, Paul, and Bruzios, Chris. Substance Abuse Treatment Needs Assessment Survey of Homeless Shelters in New Jersey. Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services; 1997.

Kline, J.; Harris, M.; Bebout, R. R., and Drake, Robert E. Contrasting integrated and linkage models of treatment for homeless, dually diagnosed adults. New Directions for Mental Health Services . 1991: 95-106.

Koegel, P.; Sullivan, G.; Burnam, A.; Morton, S. C., and Wenzel, S. Utilization of mental health and substance abuse services among homeless adults in Los Angeles. Med Care. 1999 Mar; 37(3):306-17.

Koegel, Paul and Burnam, M. Audrey. Alcoholism among homeless adults in the inner city of Los Angeles. Archives of General Psychiatry . 1988; 45, 1011-1018.

Koegel, Paul; Burnam, M. Audrey, and Farr, Rodger K. The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders among homeless individuals in the inner city of Los Angeles. Archives of General Psychiatry . 1988; 45, (12): 1085-1092.

Koegel, Paul; Burnam, M. Audrey, and Morton, Sally C. Enumerating homeless people: alternative strategies and their consequences. Evaluation Review. 1996; 20, (4): 378-403.

LaBrie, Richard A. and McAuliffe, William E. The effect of enhanced outreach and homelessness on the seroconversion rates of intravenous drug users in three Massachusetts communities: preliminary results. Presented at the. Second NADR Meeting, Panel on Issues in Delivering Services to Homeless Persons; Bethesda, Maryland. 1990.

Lambert, Elizabeth Y. The Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area Drug Study: DC*MADS. Presented at the. National Technical Center's Fourth Annual Workshop: Needs Assessment in a Changing Health Care Environment.

Lepkowski, James M. Sampling the difficult-to-sample. Journal of Nutrition. 1991; 121, 416-423.

Link, Bruce G.; Phelan, Jo C.; Bresnahan, Michaeline; Stueve, Ann; Moore, Robert, and Susser, Ezra. Lifetime and five-year prevalence of homelessness in the United States: new evidence on an old debate. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1995; 65, (3): 347-354.

Linn, L. S.; Gelberg, L., and Leake, B. Substance abuse and mental health status of homeless and domiciled low-income users of a medical clinic. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1990 Mar; 41(3):306-10.

Linn, Lawrence S.; Gelberg, Lillian, and Leake, Barbara. Substance abuse and mental health status of homeless and domiciled low-income users of a medical clinic. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1990; 41, (3): 306-310.

Lipsedge, M. and Turner, D. Services for migrant drug abusers. Lancet . 1990; 336, (8724): 1194.

Lobo, Susan and Vaughan, Margaret Mortensen. Substance dependency among homeless American Indians. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2003; 35(1):63-70.

Lubran, Barbara G. Alcohol-related problems among the homeless: NIAAA's response. Alcohol Health and Research World. 1987; 11, (3): 4-6, 73.

Magura, S.; Nwakeze, P. C.; Rosenblum, A., and Joseph, H. Substance Misuse and Related Infectious Diseases in a Soup Kitchen Population. Substance Use & Misuse. 2000; 35(4):551-584.

Marel, Rozanne; Frank, Blanche; Rainone, Gregory; Schmeidler, James; Appel, Philip W.; Aryan, Zahra; Smith, R. B., and Watkins, Torry. Adults-At-Risk in New York State: An Assessment of Need for Services for Alcohol and Other Drug Use Problems. New York: New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services; 1997.

Marks, S. M.; Taylor, Z.; Burrows, N. R.; Qayad, M. G., and Miller, B. Hospitalizations of Homeless Persons with Tuberculosis in the UInited States. American Journal of Public Health. 2000; 90(3):435-438.

Masson, Carmen L.; Sorensen, James L.; Batki, Steven L.; Okin, Robert; Delucchi, Kevin L., and Perlman, David C. Medical service use and financial charges among opioid users at a public hospital. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002; 66(1):45-50.

Mavis, Brian E.; Humphreys, Keith, and Stoffelmayr, Bertram E. Treatment needs and outcomes of two subtypes of homeless persons who abuse substances. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1993; 44, (12): 1185-1187.

McAuliffe, William E.; LaBrie, Richard A.; Sevigny, Eric; Nielsen, Kenneth; Ronis, Scott; Robinson, Tristan, and Sunshine, Caroline. The Substance Abuse Treatment Needs of Rhode Island's Homeless. Cambridge, MA: North Charles, Inc.: North Charles Research and Planning Group; 1999.

McCarty, Dennis; Argeriou, Milton; Huebner, Robert B., and Lubran, Barbara G. Alcoholism, drug abuse, and the homeless. American Psychologist. 1991; 46, (11): 1139-1148.

McLellan, A. Thomas; Kushner, Harvey; Metzger, David S.; Peters, Roger H.; Smith, Iris E.; Grissom, Grant R.; Pettinati, Helen, and Argeriou, Milton. The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1992; 9, (3): 199-213.

McNamara, C.; Schumacher, J. E; Milby, J. B.; Wallace, D, and Usdan, S. Prevalence of Nonpsychotic Menatl Disorders Does Not Affect Treatment Outcome in a Homeless Cocaine-Dependent Sample. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2001; 27(1):91-106.

McQuillan, Geraldine M. and Vlahov, David. Update on the seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States household population: NHANES III, 1988-1994. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology. 1997; 14, (4): 355-360.

Metropolitan Denver Homeless Initiative and Colorado Department of Human Services. Homelessness in the Denver Metropolitan Area: the Changing Face of homelessness 3rd Annual Point in Time Study. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Human Services; 2001.

Mierlak, Daniel; Galanter, Marc; Spivack, Neal; Dermatis, Helen; Jurewicz, Eva, and De Leon, George. Modified therapeutic community treatment for homeless dually diagnosed men: who completes treatment? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1998; 15, (2): 117-121.

Miescher, Annatina and Galanter, Marc. Shelter-based treatment of the homeless alcoholic. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1996; 13, (2): 135-140.

Milby, J. B.; Schumacher, J. E.; McNamara, C.; Wallace, D.; Usdan, S.; McGill, T., and Michael, M. Initiating Abstinence in Cocaine Abusing Dually Diagnosed Homeless Persons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2000; 60(1):55-68.

Milby, Jesse B.; Schumacher, Joseph E.; Raczynski, James M.; Caldwell, Ellen; Engle, Molly; Michael, Max, and Carr, James. Sufficient conditions for effective treatment of substance abusing homeless persons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1996; 43, (1 & 2): 39-47.

Mitchell, Christina M.; Beals, Janette; Novins, Douglas K.; Spicer, Paul, and AI-SUPERPFP Team. Drug use among two American Indian populations: prevalence of lifetime use and DSM-IV substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2003; 69(1):29-41.

Mulken, V. and Spence, R. Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism among Homeless Persons: A Review of the Literature. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 1984.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Prevalence of Drug Use in the Washington, DC, Metropolitan Area Homeless and Transient Population: 1991. The Washington, DC, Metropolitan Area Drug Study (DC*MADS). Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse: National Institutes of Health; 1993.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. The Washington, DC, Metropolitan Area Drug Study: Prevalence of Drug Use in the Washington, DC, Metropolitan Area Homeless and Transient Population: 1991. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1993; v. 2.

New York Division of Substance Abuse Services. Statewide Household Survey of Substance Abuse, 1986: Illicit Substance Use Among Adults in New York State's Transient Population. New York, NY: Division of Substance Abuse Services; 1988.

New York State. Illicit Substance Use Among Adults in New York State's Transient Population. New York, NY: Bureau of Research and Evaluation, New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services; 1986.

North, C. S.; Eyrich, K. M.; Pollio, D. E.; Foster, D. A.; Cottler, L. B., and Spitznagel, E. L. The Homeless Supplement to the Diagnostic Interview Schedule: test-retest analyses. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2004; 13(3):184-91.

North, C. S.; Eyrich, K. M.; Pollio, D. E., and Spitznagel, E. L. Are rates of psychiatric disorders in the homeless population changing? Am J Public Health. 2004 Jan; 94(1):103-8.

North, Carol S. and Smith, Elizabeth M. Comparison of White and Nonwhite Homeless Men and Women. Social Work. 1994; 39(6):639-647.

---. A Systematic Study of Mental Health Services Utilization by Homeless Men and Women. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1993; 28:77-83.

Nuttbrock, Larry H.; Ng-Mak, Daisy S.; Rahav, Michael, and Rivera, James J. Pre- and post-administration attrition of homeless, mentally ill chemical abusers referred to residential treatment programs. Addiction. 1997; 92, (10): 1305-1316.

Nyamathi, A. M.; Leake, B., and Gelberg, L. Sheltered versus nonsheltered homeless women differences in health, behavior, victimization, and utilization of care. J Gen Intern Med. 2000 Aug; 15(8):565-72.

Nyamathi, Adeline M. and Flaskerud, Jacquelyn H. A community-based Inventory of Current Concerns of impoverished homeless and drug-addicted minority women. Research in Nursing and Health. 1992; 15, (2): 121-129.

O'Toole, Thomas P.; Freyder, P. J.; Gibbon, J. L.; Hanusa, B. J.; Seltzer, D., and Fine, M. J. ASAM Patient Placement Criteria treatment levels: do they correspond to care actually received by homelsss substance abusing patients? Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2004; 23(1):1-15.

O'Toole, Thomas P.; Gibbon, Jeanette L.; Hanusa, Barbara H.; Freyder, Paul J.; Conde, Alicia M., and Fine, Michael J. Self-Reported Changes in Drug and Alcohol Use After Becoming Homeless. American Journal of Public Health. 2004; 94(5):830-835.

Ohio Department of Alcohol and Drug Addiction Services. A Preliminary Report of the Runaways, Pushout and Delinquent Youth Survey. Ohio: Ohio Department of Alcohol and Drug Addiction Services; 1996.

Orwin, Robert G.; Garrison-Mogren, Roberta; Jacobs, Mary Lou, and Sonnefeld, L. Joseph. Retention of Homeless Clients in Substance Abuse Treatment: Findings from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Cooperative Agreement Program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1999; 17(1 - 2):45-66.

Orwin, Robert G.; Sonnefeld, L. Joseph; Cordray, David S.; Pion, Georgine M., and Perl, Harold I. Constructing quantitative implementation scales from categorical services data: examples from a multisite evaluation. Evaluation Review. 1998; 22, (2): 245-288.

Padgett, Deborah K. and Struening, Elmer L. Influence of substance abuse and mental disorders on emergency room use by homeless adults. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1991; 42, (8): 834-838.

Padgett, Deborah K.; Struening, Elmer L., and Andrews, Howard. Factors affecting the use of medical, mental health, alcohol, and drug treatment services by homeless adults. Medical Care . 1990; 28, (9): 805-821.

Padgett, Deborah K.; Struening, Elmer L.; Andrews, Howard, and Pittman, John. Predictors of emergency room use by homeless adults in New York City: the influence of predisposing, enabling and need factors. Social Science and Medicine. 1995; 41, (4): 547-556.

Page, J. Bryan; Smith, P. C.; Newel, Richard A., and Cheney, Laura. Needs Assessment for Homeless People in Five Metropolitan Areas in the State of Florida. 1997.

Paradise, Matthew J. and Cauce, Ana Mari. Substance use and deliquency during adolescence: A prospective look at an at-risk sample. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003; 38(3-6):701-723.

Parker, Ruth M.; Rescorla, Leslie A.; Finkelstein, Jonathan A.; Barnes, Nathaniel, and Holmes, John H. A survey of the health of homeless children in Philadelphia shelters. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1991; 145(5):520-526.

Peuquet, Steven W. and Pfeifer, Susan. Research Protocol: The Prevalence and Treatment of Substance Abuse Among the Sheltered Homeless in Delaware. Newark, DE: ?; 1994; protocol. yes.

Phelan, Jo C and Link, Bruce G. Who are "The Homeless"? Reconsidering the Stability and Composition of the Homeless Population. American Journal of Public Health. 1999; 89(9):1334-1338.

Rahav, Michael and Link, Bruce G. When social problems converge: homeless, mentally ill, chemical misusing men in New York City. International Journal of the Addictions. 1995; 30, (8): 1019-1042.

Rahav, Michael; Nuttbrock, Larry H.; Rivera, James J., and Link, Bruce G. HIV infection risks among homeless, mentally ill, chemical misusing men. Substance Use and Misuse. 1998; 33, (6): 1407-1426.

Rahav, Michael; Nuttbrock, Larry H.; Rivera, James J., and Ng-Mak, Daisy S. Recruitment into treatment of homeless, mentally ill, chemical abusing men. Journal of Drug Issues. 1997; 27, (2): 315-328.

Reardon, Maureen Lyons; Burns, Andrea B.; Preist, Robyn; Sachs-; Ericsson, Natalie, and Lang/Alan R. Alcohol use and other psychiatric disorders in the formerly homeless and never homeless: Prevalence, age of onset, comorbidity, temporal sequencing, and service utilization. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003; 38(3-6):601-644.

Redlener, Irwin. Health care for the homeless -- lessons from the front line. New England Journal of Medicine . 1994; 331, (5): 327-328.

Reilly, John J.; Herrman, Helen E.; Clarke, David M.; Neil, Cecily C., and McNamara, Cheryl L. Psychiatric Disorders in and Service Use by Young Homeless People. Medical Journal of Australia. 1994; 161(10):429-432.

Research Institute on Addictions. New York State Final Report: Transient Survey, 10/01/92 - 9/30/95, CSAT Contract No. 270-92-0005. Buffalo, NY: Research Institute on Addictions; 1995.

Rhode Island Emergency Food and Shelter Board. Rhode Island Emergency Shelter Information Project Annual Report: July 1, 1997 - June 30, 1998. Providence, RI: Rhode Island Emergency Food and Shelter Board; 1999Yes.

Rhode Island KIDS COUNT. 1997 Rhode Island KIDS COUNT Factbook. Providence, RI: Rhode Island KIDS COUNT; 1997.

Ridgely, M. Susan; McNeil, Caroline T., and Goldman, Howard H. Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Among Homeless Individuals. Rockville, MD: NIDA; 1988.

Ringwalt, Christopher L.; Greene, Jody M.; Robertson, Marjorie, and McPheeters, Melissa. The Prevalence of Homelessness Among Adolescents in the United States. American Journal of Public Health. 1998; 88(9):1325-1329.

Ringwalt, Christopher L; Greene, Jody M., and Robertson, Marjorie J. Familial Backgrounds and Risk Behaviors of Youth with Thrownaway Experiences. Journal of Adolescence. 1998; 21:241-252.

Robertson, Marjorie J. Homeless women with children: the role of alcohol and other drug abuse. American Psychologist. 1991; 46, 1198-1204.

-- (Alcohol Research Group). Homeless Youth in Hollywood: Patterns of Alcohol Use. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol (NIAAA); 1989yes.

Robertson, Marjorie J.; Koegel, Paul, and Ferguson, Linda. Alcohol use and abuse among homeless adolescents in Hollywood. Contemporary Drug Problems. 1989; 16, 415-452.

Robertson, Marjorie J. and Winkleby, Marilyn A. Mental Health Problems of Homeless Women and Differences Across Subgroups. Annual Review of Public Health. 1996; 17:311-36.

Robertson, Marjorie J.; Zlotnick, Cheryl, and Westerfelt, Alex. Drug use disorders and treatment contact among homeless adults in Alameda County, California. American Journal of Public Health. 1997; 87(2):221-228.

Roseblum, Andrew; Nuttbrock, Larry; McQuistion, Hunter; Magura, Stephen, and Joseph, Herman. Medical Outreach to Homeless Substance Users in New York City: Preliminary Results. Substance Abuse & Misuse. 2002; 37(8-10):1269-1273.

Rosenberg, A. A.; Solarz, Andrea L., and Bailey, W. A. Psychology and homelessness: a public policy and advocacy agenda. American Psychologist . 1991; 46, (11): 1239-1244.

Rosenberg, S. D.; Goodman, L. A.; Osher, F. C.; Swartz, M. S.; Essock, S. M.; Butterfield, M. I.; Constantine, N. T.; Wolford, G. L., and Salyers, M. P. Prevalence of hepatitis B, and Hepatitis c in people with Severe Mental Illness. American Journal of Public Health. 2001; 91(1):31-37.

Rosenblum, Andrew; Nuttbrock, Larry; McQuistion, Hunter L.; Magura, Stephen, and Joseph, Herman. Hepatitis C and Substance Use in a Sample of Homeless People in New York City. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2001; 20(4):15-25.

Rosenheck, Robert and Seibyl, Catherine L. Homelessness: Health Service Use and Related Costs. Medical Care. 1998; 36(8):1256-1264.

Roth, Dee and Bean, Jerry. Alcohol problems and homelessness: findings from an Ohio study. Alcohol Health and Research World. 1985; 10, 14-15.

Rouse, Beatrice A. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Statistics Sourcebook. Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Goverment Printing Office; 1995.

Roy, E.; Haley, N.; Leclerc, P.; Sochanski, B.; Boudreau, J. F., and Boivin, J. F. Mortality in a cohort of street youth in Montreal. JAMA. 2004 Aug 4; 292(5):569-74.

Royse, David; Leukefeld, Carl; Dennis, Michael; Wechsberg, Wendee; Hoffman, Jeffrey; Cottler, Linda, and Inciardi, Jim. Homelessness and Gender in Out-of-Treatment Drug Users. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2000; 26(2):283-296.

Sacks, Stanley; Leon, George De; Balistreri, Elizabeth; Liberty, Hilary James; McKendrick, Karen; Sacks, JoAnn; Staines, Graham, and Yagelka, John. Modified Therapeutic Community For Homeless Mentally Ill Chemical Abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1998; 15(6):545-554.

Salize, Hans Joachim; Dillmann-Lange, Cornelia; Stern, Gerlinde; Kentner-Figura, Beate; Stamm, Klaus; Rossler, Wulf, and Henn, Fritz. Alcoholism and somatic comorbidity among homeless people in Mannheim, Germany. Addiction. 2002; 97(12):1593-1600.

Schumacher, Joseph E.; Milby, Jesse B.; Raczynski, James M.; Caldwell, Ellen; Engle, Molly; Carr, James, and Michael, Max. Validity of self-reported crack cocaine use among homeless persons in treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1995; 12, (5): 335-339.

Schumacher, Joseph E.; Usdan, Stuart; Milby, Jesse B.; Wallace, Dennis, and McNamara, Cecilia. Abstinent-contingent housing and treatment retention among crack-cocaine-dependent homeless persons. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000; 19(1):81-88.

Schutt, Russell K. The quantity & quality of homelessness: research results & policy implications. Sociological Practice Review. 1990; 1, (2): 77-87.

Seal, Karen H.; Karl, Alex H.; Gee, Lauren; Moore, Lisa D.; Bluthenthal, Ricky N.; Lorvick, Jennifer, and Edlin, Brian R. Predictors and Prevention of Nonfatal Overdose Among Street-Recruited Injection Heroin Users in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1998-1999. American Journal of Public Health. 2001; 91(11):1842-1846.

Shaner, Andrew; Eckman, Thad A.; Roberts, Lisa J.; Wilkins, Jeffrey N.; Ticker, Douglas E.; Tsuang, John W., and Mintz, Jim. Disability income, cocaine use, and repeated hospitalization among schizophrenic cocaine abusers: a government-sponsored revolving door? New England Journal of Medicine. 1995; 333, (12): 777-783.

Shanks, N. J.; George, S. L.; Westlake, L., and al-Kalai, D. Who are the homeless? Public Health. 1994; 108(1):11-19.

Sherman, Deborah J. The neglected health care needs of street youth. Public Health Reports. 1992; 107, (4): 433-440.

Shern, David L.; Tsemberis, Sam; Anthony, William; Lovell, Anne M.; Richmond, Linda; Felton, Chip J.; Winarski, Jim, and Cohen, Mikal. Serving Street-Dwelling Individuals with Psychiatric Disabilities: Outcomes of a Psychiatric Rehabilitation Clinical Trial. American Journal of Public Health. 2000; 90(12):1873-1878.

Shultz, James M.; Weatherby, Norman L.; McCoy, Clyde B.; Greer, P. J.; Branca, P.; O'Connor, D.; Bock, A.; Cabral, I., and Needle, Richard H. Characteristics and risk behaviors of homeless black men seeking services from the Community Homeless Assistance Plan -- Dade County, Florida, August 1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1991; 40, (50): 865-868.

Sibthorpe, Beverly; Drinkwater, Jane; Gardner, Karen, and Bammer, Gabriele. Drug use, binge drinking and attempted suicide among homeless and potentially homeless youth. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1995; 29, (2): 248-256.

Simeone, Ronald S.; Rhodes, William M.; Hunt, Dana; Truitt, Linda; Abt Associates Inc., and Drug Policy Research Group. A plan for estimating the number of "hardcore" drug users in the United States -- preliminary findings. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy; 1997.

Slesnick, Natasha and Meade, Melissa. System Youth: A Subgroup of Substance-Abusing Homeless Adolescents. Journal of Substance Abuse. 2001; 13(3):367-384.

Slesnick, Natasha; Meyers, Robert J.; Meade, Melissa, and Segelken, Daniel H. Bleak and Hopeless No More: Engagement of Reluctant Substance-Abusing Runaway Youth and
Their Families. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000; 19(3):215-222.

Smith, Elizabeth M. and North, Carol S. Not All Homeless Women Are Alike: Effects of Motherhood and the Presence of Children. Community Mental Health Journal. 1994; 30(6):601-610.

Smith, Elizabeth M.; North, Carol S., and Spitznagel, Edward L. Alcohol, drugs, and psychiatric comorbidity among homeless women: an epidemiologic study. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1993; 54, (3): 82-87.

Sosin, Michael R. and Bruni, Maria. Homelessness and vulnerability among adults with and without alcohol problems. Substance Use and Misuse. 1997; 32, (7&8): 939-968.

Spinner, Gary F. and Leaf, Philip J. Homelessness and drug abuse in New Haven. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1992; 43, (2): 166-168.

Stahler, Gerald J. and Stimmel, Barry, Eds. Journal of Addictive Diseases: The Effectiveness of Social Interventions for Homeless Substance Abusers. New York: The Hawthorn Medical Press; 1995; 14 (4).

Stein, J. A. and Gelberg, L. Comparability and representativeness of clinical homeless, community homeless, and domiciled clinic samples: physical and mental health, substance use, and health services utilization. Health Psychol. 1997 Mar; 16(2):155-62.

Stein, Judith A.; Andersen, Ronald M.; Koegel, Paul, and Gelberg, Lillian. Predicting Health Services Utilization Among Homeless Adults: A Prospective Analysis. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2000; 11(2):212-230.

Stoiber, Susanne A. Performance partnerships: focusing on performance and outcomes. Connection. 1997; April, 3,7.

Struening, Elmer L. and Padgett, Deborah K. Physical Health Status, Substance Use and Abuse, and Mental Disorders Among Homeless Adults. Journal of Social Issues. 1990; 46(4):65-81.

Survey Research Laboratory, University of Illinois. Alcohol and Drug Use Among Transients in Cook County: Screening Booklet. Illinois: Addictions Research Institute, Dept. of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, State of Illinois; 1990yes.

Susser, Ezra; Betne, Prahba; Valencia, Elie; Goldfinger, Stephen M., and Lehman, Anthony F. Injection drug use among homeless adults with severe mental illness. American Journal of Public Health. 1997; 87, (5): 854-856.

Susser, Ezra; Miller, Maureen; Valencia, Elie; Colson, Paul; Roche, Brenda, and Conover, Sarah. Injection drug use and risk of HIV transmission among homeless men with mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996; 153, (6): 794-798.

Susser, Ezra; Struening, Elmer L., and Conover, Sarah. Psychiatric problems in homeless men: lifetime psychosis, substance use, and current distress in new arrivals at New York City shelters. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989; 46, 845-850.

Szczucki, Denis; Galanter, Marc; Lifshutz, Harold; Hoven, Christina W., and Moore, Robert. Drug use and psychiatric hospitalization among homeless patients. American Journal on Addictions . 1994; 3, (2): 115-121.

Taylor, Stephen M.; Galanter, Marc; Dermatis, Helen; Spivack, Neal, and Egelko, Susan. Dual Diagnosis Patients in the Modified Therapeutic Community: Does a Criminal History Hinder Adjustment to Treatment? Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1997; 16, (3): 31-38.

Teesson, Maree; Dietrich, U.; Degenhardt, L.; Lynskey, M., and Beard, J. Substance use disorders in an Australian community survey. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2002; 21(3):275-280.

Teesson, Maree; Hodder, Tracey, and Buhrich, Neil. Alcohol and other drug use disorders among homeless people in Australia. Substance Use & Misuse. 2003; 38(3-6):463-474.

Tuten, M.; Jones, H. E., and Svikis, D. S. Comparing homeless and domiciled pregnant substance dependent women on psychosocial characteristics and treatment outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003 Jan 24; 69(1):95-9.

Unger, J. B.; Kipke, M. D.; Simon, T. R.; Montgomery, S. B., and Johnson, C. J. Homeless youths and young adults in Los Angeles: prevalence of mental health problems and the relationship between mental health and substance abuse disorders. Am J Community Psychol. 1997 Jun; 25(3):371-94.

The Urban Institute; Burt, Martha R.; Aron, Laudan Y.; Douglas, Toby; Valente, Jesse; Lee, Edgar, and Iwen, Britta. Homelessness: Programs and the People They Serve, Findings, of the National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients, Technical Report. The Urban Institute; 1999yes, http://www.huduser.org/publications/homeless.html.

Usdan, S. L.; Schumacher, J. E.; Milby, J. B.; Wallace, D.; McNamara, C., and Michael, M. Crack, Cocaine, Alcohol, and Other Drug Use Patterns Among Homeless Persons with Other Mental Disorders. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2001; 27(1):107-120.

VanGeest, Jonathan B. and Johnson, Timothy P. Substance use patterns among homeless migrants and nonmigrants in Chicago. Substance Use and Misuse. 1997; 32, (7&8): 877-907.

Velasquez, Mary M.; Crouch, Cathy; von Sternberg, Kirk, and Grosdanis, Irene. Motivation for Change and Psychological Distress in Homeless Substance Abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000; 19(4):395-401.

Vladeck, B. C. Health care and the homeless: a political parable for our time. In: Brown, L. D., ed. Health Policy and the Disadvantaged. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 1991: 54-66.

Warheit, George J. and Biafora, Frank. Mental health and substance abuse patterns among a sample of homeless post-adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 1991; 3(1/2):9-27.

Watkins, Katherine E.; Wells, Kenneth B., and McLellan, A. Thomas. Termination of Social Security Benefits Among Los Angeles Recipients Disabled by Substance Abuse. Psychiatric Services. 2000; 50(7):914-918.

Welte, John W. and Barnes, Grace M. Alcohol and other drug use among Hispanics in New York State. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1995; 19, (4): 1061-1066.

Wenzel, S. L.; Burnam, Audrey M.; Koegel, P.; Morton, S. C.; Miu, A.; Jinnett, K., and Greer Sullivan, J. Access to inpatient or residential substance abuse treatment among homeless adults with alcohol or other drug use disorders. Medical Care. 2001; 39(11):1158-1169.

Wenzel, Suzanne L.; Ebener, Patricia A.; Koegel, Paul, and Gelberg, Lillian. Drug-abusing homeless clients in California's substance abuse treatment system. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1996; 28, (2): 147-159.

Wenzel, Suzanne L.; Koegel, Paul, and Gelberg, Lillian. Access to substance abuse treatment for homeless women of reproductive age. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1996; 28, (1): 17-30.

Wittman, Friedner D. The homeless with alcohol-related problems. Proceedings of a. Meeting to provide research recommendations to the National Institute on Alchol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); Rockville, MD. US Department of Health and Human Services; 1985.

Wright, James D. and Weber, Eleanor. Homelessness and Health. Washington, DC: McGraw-Hill; 1987.

Zanis, David A.; McLellan, A. Thomas; Cnaan, Ram A., and Randall, Mary. Reliability and Validity of the Addiction Severity Index With a Homeless Sample. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1994; 11(6):541-548.

Zima, Bonnie T.; Bussing, Regina; Forness, Steven R., and Benjamin, Bernadette. Sheltered homeless children: their eligibility and unmet need for special education evaluations. American Journal of Public Health. 1997; 87(2):236-240.

Zima, Bonnie T.; Wells, Kenneth B.; Benjamin, Bernadette, and Duan, Naihua. Mental health problems among homeless mothers: relationship to service use and child mental health problems. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1996; 53(4):332-338.

Zlotnick, Cheryl; Robertson, Marjorie J., and Tam, Tammy. Substance use and separation of homelss mothers from their children. Addictive Behaviors: An International Journal. 2003; 28(8):1373-1383.